Childcare by grandparents in married and cohabiting couples: evidence from Italy.

The process of union formation and the context of childrearing have profoundly changed with the spread of cohabitation in the last few decades. It is only recently that some attention has been paid to the implications of these changes for family ties. This study considers, with reference to Italy, a specific relationship between individuals in couples and their family of origin - childcare by grandparents. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, we investigate whether children of cohabiting couples are cared for by their grandparents to a lower extent compared to children of married couples. Second, the current study examines whether potential differences decrease over time. The data used are from two rounds of cross-sectional and nationally representative survey conducted in Italy in 2003 and in 2009. Our results show that in 2003 both in the provision and the intensity of grandparents' childcare, children of cohabiting parents were less likely to have their grandparents involved than children of married parents. However, the differences between marriages and cohabitations disappear in recent years.

Policy improves what beverages are served to young children in child care.

BACKGROUND: During 2008, we conducted a statewide survey on beverages served to preschool-aged children in California child care that identified a need for beverage policy. During 2011, the US Department of Agriculture began requiring that sites participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) make drinking water available throughout the day and serve only low-fat or nonfat milk to children aged 2 years and older. During 2012, the California Healthy Beverages in Childcare law additionally required that all child-care sites eliminate all beverages with added sweetener and limit 100% juice to once daily. DESIGN: To assess potential policy effects, we repeated the statewide survey in 2012. During 2008 and 2012, a cross-sectional sample of ∼1,400 licensed child-care sites was randomly selected after stratifying by category (ie, Head Start, state preschool, other CACFP center, non-CACFP center, CACFP home, and non-CACFP home). RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 429 sites in 2008 and 435 in 2012. After adjustment for child-care category, significant improvements in 2012 compared with 2008 were found; more sites served water with meals/snacks (47% vs 28%; P=0.008) and made water available indoors for children to self-serve (77% vs 69%; P=0.001), and fewer sites served whole milk usually (9% vs 22%; P=0.006) and 100% juice more than once daily (20% vs 27%; P=0.038). During 2012, 60% of sites were aware of beverage policies and 23% were judged fully compliant with the California law. CONCLUSIONS: A positive effect occurred on beverages served after enactment of state and federal policies. Efforts should continue to promote beverage policies and support their implementation.

The influence of different forms of early childcare on children's emotional and behavioural development at school entry.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades there has been a dramatic increase in maternal employment and, as a result, an increase in the use of non-maternal childcare in the early years. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine, in a large representative English sample, the influence of different forms of childcare on children's behavioural and emotional development around the age of school entry. METHODS: A sample of 991 families, originally recruited when the children were 3 months old, was assessed around school entry age at 51 months. The main outcome variable was the children's emotional and behavioural functioning, measured by questionnaire completed by both mothers and teachers. A range of repeated assessments were carried out at different time points, including direct observation of the quality of maternal caregiving and observations of the quality of non-parental care, and amount of time spent in different forms of care. RESULTS: The strongest and most consistent influences on behaviour and emotional problems were derived from the home, including lower socio-demographic status, poorer maternal caregiving, parental stress/maternal mental health problems, as well as child gender (being a boy). Non-parental childcare had small effects on child outcome. One finding that did emerge was that children who spent more time in group care, mainly nursery care, were more likely to have behavioural problems, particularly hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that interventions to enhance children's emotional and behavioural development might best focus on supporting families and augmenting the quality of care in the home.

Construção e validação de um instrumento de classificação de pacientes pediátricos / Construction and validation of an instrument for classification of pediatric patients

OBJETIVO: Construir, validar o conteúdo e verificar a confiabilidade interavaliadores de um instrumento para a classificação de pacientes pediátricos. MÉTODOS: Estudo misto com referencial quantitativo, sendo o delineamento descritivo exploratório para a validação do conteúdo do instrumento realizado pela Técnica Delphi seguido por desenho correlacional para avaliar a confiabilidade interavaliadores. RESULTADOS: Após quatro fases da Técnica Delphi, o instrumento ficou constituído por 11 indicadores de demanda de cuidado e cada um por quatro situações graduadas refletindo o aumento da necessidade de enfermagem. Obteve-se nível de confiabilidade ótimo para cinco indicadores; bom para cinco e apenas um indicador com fraco nível de confiabilidade. CONCLUSÃO: Foi construído e validado o conteúdo do instrumento para classificar pacientes pediátricos em cinco categorias de cuidados com confiabilidade satisfatória.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a tool for classification of pediatric patients, validate its content, and assess the interrater reliability. METHODS: This is a quantitative study in which a mixed method was used. Validity of its content was assessed through a descriptive exploratory design using the Delphi technique. Inter-rater reliability was then assessed with a correlational design. RESULTS: After four stages of use of the Delphi technique, the instrument was composed of 11 care demand indicators. Each of them comprised one-to-four situations of graded complexity, that reflected increasing intensity of nursing need. The reliability levels as optimal, good, and weak were obtained for five, five, and one indicators, respectively. CONCLUSION: The content of the instrument was constructed and validated with satisfactory reliability to classify pediatric patients into five healthcare categories.

[Pediatric Patient Classification System: construction and validation of care categories]. / Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos: construção e validação de categorias de cuidados.

Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.

Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos: construção e validação de categorias de cuidados / Pediatric Patient Classification System: construction and validation of care categories / Sistema de Clasificación de Pacientes Pediátricos: construcción y validación de categorías de atención

A classificação de pacientes é essencial para o gerenciamento de uma unidade. Entretanto, a literatura não dispõe de conceituações de categorias de pacientes pediátricos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram definir e validar categorias de cuidado de pacientes pediátricos, de acordo com o grau de dependência da equipe de enfermagem. Utilizou-se revisão bibliográfica para definição das categorias de cuidado e a validação de conteúdo das categorias propostas foi realizada por um grupo de juízes envolvidos em assistência e gerência de unidades pediátricas e por juízes envolvidos em ensino e pesquisa de pediatria e construção de instrumentos de classificação de pacientes. Foram estabelecidas e validadas cinco categorias de cuidados: Mínimos, Intermediários, Alta dependência, Semi-intensivo e Intensivo. A validação das categorias de cuidado subsidiou a construção de um sistema de classificação de pacientes pediátricos que poderá contribuir para o processo de tomada de decisão do enfermeiro na prática gerencial e assistencial.

Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.

La clasificación de pacientes es esencial para el gerenciamiento de una unidad. Sin embargo, la literatura no dispone de conceptualizaciones de categorías de pacientes pediátricos. Este estudio objetivó definir y validar categorías de atención de pacientes pediátricos, de acuerdo con grado de dependencia del equipo de enfermería. Se utilizó revisión bibliográfica para definición de categorías de atención y la validación de las categorías propuestas fue efectuada por un grupo de jueces involucrados en atención y gerenciamiento de unidades pediátricas, y por jueces identificados con enseñanza e investigación en pediatría y construcción de instrumentos de clasificación de pacientes. Se establecieron y validaron cinco categorías de atención: Mínimos, Intermedios, Alta Dependencia, Semi-intensivo e Intensivo. La validación de categorías de atención ayudó a construir un sistema de clasificación de pacientes pediátricos que podrá contribuir al proceso de toma de decisiones del enfermero en la práctica gerencial y asistencial.

[Well-child care: two distinct views]. / Puericultura: duas concepções distintas.

OBJECTIVE: To present, in an essay form, two distinct views on well-child care. METHODS: Using several different methods of historical analysis, the two most common views on well-child care are presented: the positivist one, whose foundation is essentially based upon historical facts, and that of social criticism, concerned with how historical facts are inserted in society at different levels. RESULTS: The coexistence of two distinct views on well-child care reveals two conflicting ideologies, but it does not invalidate the two different types of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the understanding of well-child care through a historical approach does not allow for definitive conclusions on what it is or what it will be, it encourages reflections on more practical meanings, namely: the possibility to consider practices that gather an ensemble of positive knowledge without disregarding their limitations, and the formulation of well-child care practices concerned with social care, determined by several aspects, instead of by ideological interest.

Puericultura: duas concepções distintas / Well-child care: two distinct views

OBJETIVO: Apresentar, na forma de ensaio, a existência de dois discursos que definem a puericultura e sua história de maneiras distintas. MÉTODOS: Através de métodos diferentes de análise histórica, as duas leituras mais comuns sobre a puericultura são sintetizadas: a positivista, baseada fundamentalmente em fatos históricos, e a da crítica social, que procura contextualizar os fatos históricos em meio aos acontecimentos nas várias esferas da sociedade. RESULTADOS: A coexistência de duas concepções distintas de puericultura revela a presença de ideologias em conflito, mas não invalida as duas formas diferentes de conhecimento. CONCLUSÕES: A compreensão da puericultura através da história, embora não permita conclusões definitivas sobre o que a puericultura é ou será, permite reflexões concernentes aos seus significados mais práticos, quais sejam: a possibilidade de um olhar, no campo de práticas, que reúna o conjunto de saberes positivos, sem, no entanto, deixar de reconhecer suas limitações; e a elaboração de normas de puericultura que já tenham a preocupação com o seu caráter de prática social, determinado por dimensões diversas, e não por um interesse ideológico.

Validity and reliability of the parental sun protection scales.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in the US and its incidence continues to rise. Epidemiological studies have shown that excessive sun exposure received during childhood may increase the risk of developing skin cancer later in life. Yet, there are few published reports on the development of reliable and valid theory-based scales that assess the factors associated with parental sun-protection practices to reduce sun exposure in preschool children. To fill this gap, the Parental Sun Protection Scales were developed and validated. Two series of confirmatory factor analytic models were employed to test the factor structure of the scales and to examine the inter-relationships among the proposed psychosocial factors. Sunscreen-use and sun-avoidance behavioral models were tested in a sample of 384 parents. The results provided a basis for the reliable and valid measurement of psychosocial factors related to parental sun-protection practices. These scales may be useful in more fully understanding the determinants of sun-protection behaviors and in evaluating intervention programs designed to improve such behaviors.

Early child care and self-control, compliance, and problem behavior at twenty-four and thirty-six months. The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network.

To evaluate child-care effects on young children's self-control, compliance, and problem behavior, children enrolled in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were tested and observed in the laboratory and in child care at 24 and 36 months, and mothers and caregivers completed questionnaires. Indicators of child-care quantity, quality, stability, type, and age of entry, along with measures of family background, mothering, and child characteristics obtained through the first 3 years of life were used to predict 2 and 3 year child functioning. Results revealed (1) mothering to be a stronger and more consistent predictor of child outcomes than child care; (2) little evidence that early, extensive, and continuous care was related to problematic child behavior, in contrast to results from earlier work; (3) that among the child-care predictors, child-care quality was the most consistent predictor of child functioning, although limited variance could be explained by any (or all) child-care variables; and (4) that virtually none of the anticipated interactions among child-care factors or between them and family or child measures proved significant.

Day-care centers and diarrhea: a public health perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between morbidity from acute diarrhea and the form of day care. STUDY DESIGN: The design was a retrospective cohort study. The setting was the city of Espoo, an urban-suburban municipality in southern Finland with a population of 170,000. The study population comprised 2568 randomly selected children aged 1 to 7 years. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of diarrhea. RESULTS: Children in day-care centers (DCCs) had an increased risk for acute diarrhea compared with children in home care. In the whole group of children in DCCs, the relative risk was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.34). The risk was greatest in 1- and 2-year-old children, for whom the estimated relative risks were 1.76 (95% CI, 1.28 to 2.43) and 1.56 (95% CI, 1.16 to 2.09), respectively. The proportion of diarrhea episodes attributable to DCC care in 1-year-old children was 49% (95% CI, 18% to 91%), in 2-year-old children 37% (95% CI, 11% to 73%), and in the whole group 17% (95% CI, 7% to 29%). The infection risk did not differ between children in home and family care. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide quantitative evidence that the care in DCCs is a major determinant of acute diarrhea in children, whereas family day care does not increase the infection risk.

Ethnographic detection and description of family strategies for child care: applications to the study of cerebral palsy.

Presented a framework for describing and classifying patterns, or strategies, used by families who have children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy, in caring for their child. Forty families were administered a structured interview regarding details of their day-to-day experience in caring for their child. Four reliably distinct patterns were identified. The patterns were compared with respect to other characteristics of the family. Results suggest at least three patterns that appear to be relatively adaptive, and one that appears relatively less so. Results are discussed in terms of the definition of successful family adaptation, the heterogeneity of adaptive family patterns in this population, and some clinical implications.